The output frequency of the simple VCO in Figure 1, which is synthesized from inverting latch stages, is tunable to an integer multiple of the input frequency by selecting which output phases feed ...

Fig 1. Two analog multipliers form a VCO with quadrature outputs, while a third multiplier provides AGC to stabilize output voltages without adding distortion. Fig 2. The oscilloscope trace of the VCO ...

It is well known that a 555 timer in astable mode can be frequency modulated by applying a control voltage (CV) to pin 5. The schematic on the left of Figure 1 shows this classic 555 VCO. Figure 1 ...

Voltage-controlled oscillator-based analog-to-digital converters (VCO-based ADCs) represent an emerging class of digitisation circuits that harness the frequency-modulating properties of VCOs to ...

Clock speed is equivalent to data movement in applications that receive and process hundreds of megabytes of data each second. Applications involved in moving enormous volumes of data include cellular ...