In the last Circuit VR we looked at some basic op amp circuits in a simulator, including the non-inverting amplifier. Sometimes you want an amplifier that inverts the signal. That is a 5V input ...

Design analysis of the K2-W Vacuum Tube Op Amp’s design and operation reveals the mad science that created a commercial revolution in 1950s and 1960s analog computing. Op amps played a critical role ...

Voltage-feedback amplifiers (VFA) have been with us for about 60 years, and they have been a problem for circuit designers since the first day. You see, the feedback that makes them versatile and ...

Native SPICE elements that accurately replicate an op amp’s real-world behavior were nonexistent. A transconductance sourcing current from the rails and transitioning to a resistive state as the ...

A lot of the analog-circuit conversation these days is centered on low-power and thus low-voltage considerations. That makes sense for operational amplifiers (op amps), of course, since these basic ...