The magnetized rocks of Earth's crust and mantle, also known as the upper lithosphere, accounts for generating 6 percent of the planets magnetic field. Data from the European Space Agency's Swarm ...

About 56 million years ago, Europe and North America began pulling apart to form what became the ever-expanding North Atlantic Ocean. Vast amounts of molten rock from Earth's mantle reached the ocean ...

The Sierra Nevada range in California is seen from the north. Crustal rocks deep underneath are in the process of foundering, or sinking into the mantle. Credit: Dicklyon/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4 ...

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There are 35 large Archean cratons around the world that form the geologic core of tectonic plates. Because they’re located at the interior of plates, these landmasses often remain unaltered over the ...